Current ZLD/MLD treatments typically involve a technology called mechanical vapor compression, which generates heat from electricity to evaporate brines until the salt is all that remains. Zero liquid discharge and minimal liquid discharge, which use engineered treatment systems to eliminate brines or minimize brine volume, are already required in some countries for certain industries, and they are expected to become more widely adopted soon. The industrial brines are currently injected into deep geological formations or transferred to a evaporation ponds, and both disposal methods are facing more regulatory and environmental challenges. While desalination through reverse osmosis has made tremendous strides - allowing for salt removal from seawater for less than a penny per gallon - it still falls short in eliminating saline in wastewater from industries like mining, oil and gas and power generation and in inland brackish water.
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